extended insulin zinc suspension - tradução para árabe
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extended insulin zinc suspension - tradução para árabe

PANCREAS HORMONE
Insulin purified pork; Insulin recombinant human; Insulin recombinant purified human; Insulin pork; Insulin purified beef; Insulin glargine recombinant; Insulin zinc susp extended purified beef; Insulin zinc susp extended recombinant human; Insulin zinc susp prompt beef; Insulin zinc susp prompt purified pork; Insulin zinc susp extended beef; Insulin zinc susp purified beef; Insulin zinc susp purified pork; Insulin zinc susp recombinant human; Insulin zinc susp semisynthetic purified human; Iletin i (beef-pork); Insulin antagonists; Oral insulin; C257H383N65O77S6; Human Mixtard; Human mixtard; Preproinsulin; Insulin release; Insulin gene; Pre-proinsulin; C65R; B10H; Insullin; Insuline; Aktrapid; Iletin II; Insulin, porcine; INS (gene); Draft:Regulation of the insulin gene; Biosynthesis of insulin; Evolution of insulin
  • Charles Best]] in 1924
  • Charles Best]] and Clark Noble ca. 1920
  • Chart for Elizabeth Hughes, used to track blood, urine, diet in grams, and dietary prescriptions in grams
  • Diagram of insulin regulation upon high blood glucose
  • '''Effect of insulin on glucose uptake and metabolism.''' Insulin binds to its receptor (1), which starts many protein activation cascades (2). These include translocation of Glut-4 transporter to the [[plasma membrane]] and influx of glucose (3), [[glycogen]] synthesis (4), [[glycolysis]] (5) and triglyceride synthesis (6).
  • Insulin undergoes extensive posttranslational modification along the production pathway. Production and secretion are largely independent; prepared insulin is stored awaiting secretion. Both C-peptide and mature insulin are biologically active. Cell components and proteins in this image are not to scale.
  • Two vials of insulin. They have been given trade names, Actrapid (left) and NovoRapid (right) by the manufacturers.
  • [[Nicolae Paulescu]]
  • Insulin release from pancreas oscillates with a period of 3–6&nbsp;minutes.<ref name="hellman" />
  • The insulin signal transduction pathway begins when insulin binds to the insulin receptor proteins. Once the transduction pathway is completed, the GLUT-4 storage vesicles becomes one with the cellular membrane. As a result, the GLUT-4 protein channels become embedded into the membrane, allowing glucose to be transported into the cell.
  • sugar]]-rich versus a [[starch]]-rich meal is highlighted.

extended insulin zinc suspension      
‎ مُسْتَعْلَقُ أنسولينِ الزَّنْكِ المَديدُ‎
insulin         
أَنْسولين
preproinsulin         
‎ سَلَفُ طَليعَةِ الأَنْسُولين‎

Definição

insulin
Insulin is a substance that most people produce naturally in their body and which controls the level of sugar in their blood.
In diabetes the body produces insufficient insulin.
N-UNCOUNT

Wikipédia

Insulin

Insulin (, from Latin insula, 'island') is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets encoded in humans by the INS gene. It is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body. It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein by promoting the absorption of glucose from the blood into liver, fat and skeletal muscle cells. In these tissues the absorbed glucose is converted into either glycogen via glycogenesis or fats (triglycerides) via lipogenesis, or, in the case of the liver, into both. Glucose production and secretion by the liver is strongly inhibited by high concentrations of insulin in the blood. Circulating insulin also affects the synthesis of proteins in a wide variety of tissues. It is therefore an anabolic hormone, promoting the conversion of small molecules in the blood into large molecules inside the cells. Low insulin levels in the blood have the opposite effect by promoting widespread catabolism, especially of reserve body fat.

Beta cells are sensitive to blood sugar levels so that they secrete insulin into the blood in response to high level of glucose, and inhibit secretion of insulin when glucose levels are low. Insulin enhances glucose uptake and metabolism in the cells, thereby reducing blood sugar level. Their neighboring alpha cells, by taking their cues from the beta cells, secrete glucagon into the blood in the opposite manner: increased secretion when blood glucose is low, and decreased secretion when glucose concentrations are high. Glucagon increases blood glucose level by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver. The secretion of insulin and glucagon into the blood in response to the blood glucose concentration is the primary mechanism of glucose homeostasis.

Decreased or absent insulin activity results in diabetes mellitus, a condition of high blood sugar level (hyperglycaemia). There are two types of the disease. In diabetes mellitus type 1, the beta cells are destroyed by an autoimmune reaction so that insulin can no longer be synthesized or be secreted into the blood. In diabetes mellitus type 2, the destruction of beta cells is less pronounced than in type 1, and is not due to an autoimmune process. Instead, there is an accumulation of amyloid in the pancreatic islets, which likely disrupts their anatomy and physiology. The pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes is not well understood but reduced population of islet beta-cells, reduced secretory function of islet beta-cells that survive, and peripheral tissue insulin resistance are known to be involved. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by increased glucagon secretion which is unaffected by, and unresponsive to the concentration of blood glucose. But insulin is still secreted into the blood in response to the blood glucose. As a result, glucose accumulates in the blood.

The human insulin protein is composed of 51 amino acids, and has a molecular mass of 5808 Da. It is a heterodimer of an A-chain and a B-chain, which are linked together by disulfide bonds. Insulin's structure varies slightly between species of animals. Insulin from non-human animal sources differs somewhat in effectiveness (in carbohydrate metabolism effects) from human insulin because of these variations. Porcine insulin is especially close to the human version, and was widely used to treat type 1 diabetics before human insulin could be produced in large quantities by recombinant DNA technologies.

Insulin was the first peptide hormone discovered. Frederick Banting and Charles Herbert Best, working in the laboratory of J. J. R. Macleod at the University of Toronto, were the first to isolate insulin from dog pancreas in 1921. Frederick Sanger sequenced the amino acid structure in 1951, which made insulin the first protein to be fully sequenced. The crystal structure of insulin in the solid state was determined by Dorothy Hodgkin in 1969. Insulin is also the first protein to be chemically synthesised and produced by DNA recombinant technology. It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.